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ASTM C1674-23

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics with Engineered Porosity (Honeycomb Cellular Channels) at Ambient Temperatures

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ASTM C1674-23

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics with Engineered Porosity (Honeycomb Cellular Channels) at Ambient Temperatures

PUBLISH DATE 2023

PAGES 25

ASTM C1674-23

Document Information

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexural strength (modulus of rupture in bending) at ambient conditions of advanced ceramic structures with 2-dimensional honeycomb channel architectures.

1.2 The test method is focused on engineered ceramic components with longitudinal hollow channels, commonly called “honeycomb” channels (see Fig. 1). The components generally have 30 % or more porosity and the cross-sectional dimensions of the honeycomb channels are on the order of 1 mm or greater.

Ceramics with these honeycomb structures are used in a wide range of applications (catalytic conversion supports (1),² high temperature filters (2, 3), combustion burner plates (4), energy absorption and damping (5), etc.).

The honeycomb ceramics can be made in a range of ceramic compositions—alumina, cordierite, zirconia, spinel, mullite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, graphite, and carbon. The components are produced in a variety of geometries (blocks, plates, cylinders, rods, rings).

FIG. 1 General Schematics of Typical Honeycomb Ceramic Structures

General Schematics of Typical Honeycomb Ceramic Structures

1.3 The test method describes two test specimen geometries for determining the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) for a porous honeycomb ceramic test specimen (see Fig. 2):

FIG. 2 Flexure Loading Configurations

Flexure Loading Configurations

L = Outer Span Length (for Test Method A, L = User defined; for Test Method B, L = 90 mm)

Note 1: 4-Point-¹/₄ Loading for Test Methods A1 and B.
Note 2: 3-Point Loading for Test Method A2.

1.3.1 Test Method A—A 4-point or 3-point bending test with user-defined specimen geometries, and

1.3.2 Test Method B—A 4-point-¹/₄ point bending test with a defined rectangular specimen geometry (13 mm × 25 mm × > 116 mm) and a 90 mm outer support span geometry suitable for cordierite and silicon carbide honeycombs with small cell sizes.

1.4 The test specimens are stressed to failure and the breaking force value, specimen and cell dimensions, and loading geometry data are used to calculate a nominal beam strength, a wall fracture strength, and a honeycomb structure strength.

1.5 Test results are used for material and structural development, product characterization, design data, quality control, and engineering/production specifications.

1.6 The test method is meant for ceramic materials that are linear-elastic to failure in tension. The test method is not applicable to polymer or metallic porous structures that fail in an elastomeric or an elastic-ductile manner.

1.7 The test method is defined for ambient testing temperatures. No directions are provided for testing at elevated or cryogenic temperatures.

1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard (IEEE/ASTM SI 10). English units are sparsely used in this standard for product definitions and tool descriptions, per the cited references and common practice in the US automotive industry.

1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1.2 The test method is focused on engineered ceramic components with longitudinal hollow channels, commonly called “honeycomb” channels (see Fig. 1).

The components generally have 30 % or more porosity and the cross-sectional dimensions of the honeycomb channels are on the order of 1 mm or greater.

Ceramics with these honeycomb structures are used in a wide range of applications:

catalytic conversion supports (1),²
high temperature filters (2, 3)
combustion burner plates (4)
energy absorption and damping (5), etc.

The honeycomb ceramics can be made in a range of ceramic compositions—alumina, cordierite, zirconia, spinel, mullite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, graphite, and carbon.

The components are produced in a variety of geometries (blocks, plates, cylinders, rods, rings).

FIG. 1 General Schematics of Typical Honeycomb Ceramic Structures

1.3 The test method describes two test specimen geometries for determining the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) for a porous honeycomb ceramic test specimen (see Fig. 2):

FIG. 2 Flexure Loading Configurations

L = Outer Span Length (for Test Method A, L = User defined; for Test Method B, L = 90 mm)

Note 1: 4-Point-¹/₄ Loading for Test Methods A1 and B.

Note 2: 3-Point Loading for Test Method A2.

1.3.1 Test Method A—A 4-point or 3-point bending test with user-defined specimen geometries, and

1.5 Test results are used for material and structural development, product characterization, design data, quality control, and engineering/production specifications.

1.7 The test method is defined for ambient testing temperatures. No directions are provided for testing at elevated or cryogenic temperatures.

5.1 This test method is used to determine the mechanical properties in flexure of engineered ceramic components with multiple longitudinal hollow channels, commonly described as “honeycomb” channel architectures. The components generally have 30 % or more porosity and the cross-sectional dimensions of the honeycomb channels are on the order of 1 mm or greater.

5.2 The experimental data and calculated strength values from this test method are used for material and structural development, product characterization, design data, quality control, and engineering/production specifications.

Note 1: Flexure testing is the preferred method for determining the nominal “tensile fracture” strength of these components, as compared to a compression (crushing) test. A nominal tensile strength is required, because these materials commonly fail in tension under thermal gradient stresses. A true tensile test is difficult to perform on these honeycomb specimens because of gripping and alignment challenges.

5.3 The mechanical properties determined by this test method are both material and architecture dependent, because the mechanical response and strength of the porous test specimens are determined by a combination of inherent material properties and microstructure and the architecture of the channel porosity [porosity fraction/relative density, channel geometry (shape, dimensions, cell wall thickness, etc.), anisotropy and uniformity, etc.] in the specimen. Comparison of test data must consider both differences in material/composition properties as well as differences in channel porosity architecture between individual specimens and differences between and within specimen lots.

5.4 Test Method A is a user-defined specimen geometry with a choice of four-point or three-point flexure testing geometries. It is not possible to define a single fixed specimen geometry for flexure testing of honeycombs, because of the wide range of honeycomb architectures and cell sizes and considerations of specimen size, cell shapes, pitch, porosity size, crush strength, and shear strength. As a general rule, the experimenter will have to define a suitable test specimen geometry for the particular honeycomb structure of interest, considering composition, architecture, cell size, mechanical properties, and specimen limitations and using the following guidelines. Details on specimen geometry definition are given in 9.2.

5.4.1 Four-point flexure (Test Method A1) is strongly preferred and recommended for testing and characterization purposes. (From Test Method C1161 section 4.5: “The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-point flexural strengths. Three-point flexure has some advantages. It uses simpler test fixtures, it is easier to adapt to high temperature and fracture toughness testing, and it is sometimes helpful in Weibull statistical studies. However, four-point flexure is preferred and recommended for most characterization purposes.”)

5.4.2 The three-point flexure test configuration (Test Method A2) may be used for specimens which are not suitable for 4-point testing, with the clear understanding that 3-point loading exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress, as compared to the much larger maximum stress volume in a 4-point loading configuration. Therefore, 3-point flexural strengths are likely to be greater than 4-point flexural strengths, based on statistical flaw distribution factors.

5.5 Test Method B (with a specified specimen size and a 4-point-¹/₄ point flexure loading geometry) is widely used in industry for cordierite and silicon carbide honeycomb structures with small cell size (cell pitch ~2 mm). Test Method B is provided as a standard test geometry that provides a baseline specimen size for honeycomb structures with appropriate properties and cell size with the benefit of experimental repeatability, reproducibility and comparability. (See 9.3 for details on Test Method B.)

Note 2: Specific fixture and specimen configurations were chosen for Test Method B to provide a balance between practical configurations and linear cell count effect limits and to permit ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull-size scaling.

5.6 The calculation of the flexure stress in these porous specimens is based on small deflection elastic beam theory with assumptions that (1) the material properties are isotropic and homogeneous, (2) the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and (3) the material is linearly elastic. If the porous material in the walls of the honeycomb is not specifically anisotropic in microstructure, it is also assumed that the microstructure of the wall material is uniform and isotropic. To understand the effects of some of these assumptions, see Baratta et al. (6).

Note 3: These assumptions may limit the application of the test to comparative type testing such as used for material development, quality control, and flexure specifications. Such comparative testing requires consistent and standardized test conditions both for specimen geometry and porosity architecture, as well as experimental conditions—loading geometries, strain rates, and atmospheric/test conditions.

5.7 Three flexure strength values (defined in Section 3 and calculated in Section 11) may be calculated in this test method. They are the nominal beam strength, the wall fracture strength, and the honeycomb structure strength.

5.7.1 Nominal Beam Strength—The first approach to calculating a flexure strength is to make the simplifying assumption that the specimen acts as a uniform homogeneous material that reacts as a continuum. Based on these assumptions, a nominal beam strength S_NB can be calculated using the standard flexure strength equations with the specimen dimensions and the breaking force. (See Section 11.)
- 5.7.1.1 A linear cell count effect (specimen size-cell count effect) has been noted in research on the flexure strength of ceramic honeycomb test specimens (7, 8). If the cell size is too large with respect to the specimen dimensions and if the linear cell count (the integer number of cells along the shortest cross-sectional dimension) is too low (<15), channel porosity has a geometric effect on the moment of inertia that produces an artificially high value for the nominal beam strength. (See Appendix X1.) With the standard elastic beam equations the strength value is overestimated, because the true moment of inertia of the open cell structure is not accounted for in the calculation.
- 5.7.1.2 This overestimate becomes increasingly larger for specimens with lower linear cell counts. The linear cell count has to be 15 or greater for the calculated nominal beam strength, S_NB, to be within a 10 % overestimate of the wall fracture strength S_WF.
  
  Note 4: The study by Webb, Widjaja, and Helfinstine (7) showed that for cells with a square cross section a minimum linear cell count of 15 should be maintained to minimize linear cell count effects on the calculated nominal beam strength. (This study is summarized in Appendix X1.)
- 5.7.1.3 For those smaller test specimens (where the linear cell count is between 2 and 15), equations for wall fracture strength and honeycomb structure strength are given in Section 11. These equations are used to calculate a more accurate value for the flexure strength of the honeycomb, as compared to the calculated nominal beam strength.
5.7.2 Wall Fracture Strength, S_WF, is calculated using the true moment of inertia of the honeycomb architecture, based on the geometry, dimensions, cell wall thickness, and linear count of the channels in the honeycomb structure. The wall fracture strength is a calculation of the true failure stress in the outer fiber surface of the specimen. (Appendix X1 describes the calculation as cited in the Webb, Widjaja, and Helfinstine (<


SDO	ASTM: ASTM International
Document Number	C1674
Publication Date	June 1, 2023
Language	en - English
Page Count	25
Revision Level	23
Supercedes
Committee	C28.04

Version 1 - 2026-06-22

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Account. You must provide accurate and complete information when registering for an account and keep it up to date. You are responsible for keeping your account credentials confidential and for all activity that occurs under your account. Accounts are personal to a single user and may not be shared. You must notify Nimonik promptly of any unauthorized use of your account. Nimonik may suspend or terminate an account at any time for breach of these Terms or suspected misuse.

Acceptable Use. You shall not use the Nimonik Online Store in any unlawful manner; attempt to gain unauthorized access to, interfere with, or disrupt the Nimonik Online Store or its underlying systems; introduce any malware or other harmful code; or use any robot, spider, scraper, or other automated means to access, harvest, index, or copy the Nimonik Online Store or its catalogue, except for standard search-engine indexing. You shall not resell, or provide commercial access to, the Nimonik Online Store. You shall not circumvent, disable, or interfere with any security, access control, or digital rights management (DRM) or other technical protection measure applied to the Nimonik Online Store or any Product.

Website Intellectual Property. The Nimonik Online Store, including its design, layout, text, graphics, logos, and trademarks is owned by Nimonik or its licensors and is protected by applicable laws. Accessing the Nimonik Online Store grants you no rights in it other than the limited right to access and use it to browse and purchase Products. Use of the Products themselves is governed by Part B.

Website Availability. The Nimonik Online Store is provided on an “as is” and “as available” basis. Nimonik does not warrant that it will be uninterrupted, error-free, or secure, and may modify, suspend, or discontinue all or part of it at any time without notice. The disclaimers and limitations of liability in Part A, Section 7 apply equally to your access to and use of the Nimonik Online Store.

D) General Terms

This Part D applies to Parts A, B, and C and to all access to and use of the Nimonik Online Store and the Products.

Governing Law and Dispute Resolution. These Terms are governed exclusively by the laws of the State of California, United States, without reference to its conflict of laws principles and to the exclusion of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The parties consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in California, United States. In any action to enforce these Terms, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover its reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs.

Changes to these Terms. Nimonik may amend or update these Terms at any time by posting the revised Terms in the Nimonik Online Store. The version of these Terms in effect at the time an order is placed governs that order, and the version in effect at the time the Nimonik Online Store is used governs that use. Continued use of the Nimonik Online Store or any Product following any change constitutes acceptance of the revised Terms.

Order of Precedence. Parts A, B, and C are to be read together as a single agreement. In the event of any inconsistency concerning the use of a Product, Part B prevails; in the event of any inconsistency concerning use of the Nimonik Online Store, Part C prevails.

Customer Terms Excluded. Any terms and conditions proposed by the Licensee, whether referenced in an order or contained in any other document, are expressly excluded and shall have no effect.

No Trademark Rights. Nothing in these Terms grants the Licensee any right to use Nimonik’s or the Owner’s trademarks, logos, or other brand identifiers. Any such use requires separate written authorization, and any unauthorized use constitutes a breach of these Terms.

Electronic Communications. By using the Nimonik Online Store or placing an order, the Licensee consents to receive communications from Nimonik electronically, including invoices, notices, and other records, and agrees that such electronic communications satisfy any legal requirement that a communication be in writing.

Force Majeure. Nimonik shall not be liable for any failure or delay in performance resulting from causes beyond its reasonable control, including acts of God, natural disasters, labor disputes, carrier delays, failures of telecommunications or internet services, governmental action, or other events of force majeure.

Assignment. The Licensee may not assign or transfer these Terms, or any rights or obligations under them, without Nimonik’s prior written consent. Nimonik may freely assign these Terms. These Terms are binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their permitted successors and assigns.

Waiver. No failure or delay by Nimonik in exercising any right under these Terms shall operate as a waiver of that right, and no single or partial exercise of any right shall preclude any further exercise of that or any other right.

Severability. If any provision of these Terms is held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, it shall be limited or reformed only to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable, and the remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect.

Entire Agreement. These Terms (Parts A, B, C, and D), together with the applicable order confirmation, constitute the entire agreement between Nimonik and the Licensee with respect to the Nimonik Online Store and the Products, and supersede all prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements, whether written or oral. Headings are for convenience only and do not affect interpretation.

ASTM C1674-23

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics with Engineered Porosity (Honeycomb Cellular Channels) at Ambient Temperatures

ASTM C1674-23

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