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ASTM E2148-21

Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
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1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2.

Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.

1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.

1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the various documents listed in Section 2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.

4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interested parties such as non-governmental organizations.

4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar with all the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users may each want to focus on certain documents which are directly applicable to them:

4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:

  • 4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids:

    4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al.7 (see also Maron et al.).8 It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.

    4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in the formulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency index.

  • 4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids:

    4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.

    4.4.2.2 Application of Guide E1302 will provide information on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids and will assist the user in evaluating the potential health hazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices.

  • 4.4.3 E3265 Guide for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming Tendency:

    4.4.3.1 Guide E3265 provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.

    4.4.3.2 Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2013. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.

    4.4.3.3 There are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam control additive). Instead, it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.

    4.4.3.4 Guide E3265 summarizes foam forming theory then provides a summary of commonly used foaming test protocols, including blender, shake, air sparge, and recirculation tests.

    4.4.3.5 For each protocol, Guide E3265 explains the testing concept, apparatus needed, a summary of the test process, reporting, protocol variations, most appropriate applications and advantages, and least appropriate applications and limitations.

4.5 Documents Applicable to Users:

  • 4.5.1 E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids:

    4.5.1.1 Practice E1497 sets forth guidelines for the safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and biocides. This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.

    4.5.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used at high dilution and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and biocides.

    4.5.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other oils of animal or vegetable origin. Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included in straight oil formulations.

  • 4.5.2 E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment:

    4.5.2.1 Practice E1972 sets forth guidelines for minimizing effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.

    4.5.2.2 Practice E1972 incorporates all practical means and mechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and to control effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.

  • 4.5.3 D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres:

    4.5.3.1 Test Method D7049 covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractable mass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in a range from 0.05 mg/m3 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.

    4.5.3.2 Test Method D7049 describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.

  • 4.5.4 E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres:

    4.5.4.1 Practice E2144 covers quantitative methods for the personal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin concentrations in polydisperse metal removal fluid aerosols in workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental knowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin testing.

    4.5.4.2 Endotoxins in metal removal fluid aerosols present potential respiratory hazards to workers who inhale them.

    4.5.4.3 Users of Practice E2144 may obtain personal exposure data of endotoxin in metal removal fluid aerosols, either on a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.

    4.5.4.4 Practice E2144 gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled atmosphere.

    4.5.4.5 Practice E2144 seeks to minimize interlaboratory variation, but does not ensure uniformity of results.

    4.5.4.6 It is anticipated that Practice E2144 will facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data from metalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sampling, extraction, and analytical methods.

  • 4.5.5 E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids:

SDO ASTM: ASTM International
Document Number E2148
Publication Date Nov. 1, 2021
Language en - English
Page Count 5
Revision Level 21
Supercedes
Committee E34.50

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