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ASTM E2860-20

Standard Test Method for Residual Stress Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction for Bearing Steels
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ASTM E2860-20

Standard Test Method for Residual Stress Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction for Bearing Steels

PUBLISH DATE 2020
PAGES 19
ASTM E2860-20

1.1Ā This test method covers a procedure for experimentally determining macroscopic residual stress tensor components of quasi-isotropic bearing steel materials by X-ray diffraction (XRD).

1.2Ā This test method provides a guide for experimentally determining stress values, which play a significant role in bearing life.

1.3Ā Examples of how tensor values are used are:

  • 1.3.1Ā Detection of grinding type and abusive grinding;
  • 1.3.2Ā Determination of tool wear in turning operations;
  • 1.3.3Ā Monitoring of carburizing and nitriding residual stress effects;
  • 1.3.4Ā Monitoring effects of surface treatments such as sand blasting, shot peening, and honing;
  • 1.3.5Ā Tracking of component life and rolling contact fatigue effects;
  • 1.3.6Ā Failure analysis;
  • 1.3.7Ā Relaxation of residual stress; and
  • 1.3.8Ā Other residual-stress-related issues that potentially affect bearings.

1.4Ā Unitsā€”The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

1.5Ā This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.6Ā This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1.1Ā This test method covers a procedure for experimentally determining macroscopic residual stress tensor components of quasi-isotropic bearing steel materials by X-ray diffraction (XRD).

1.2Ā This test method provides a guide for experimentally determining stress values, which play a significant role in bearing life.

1.3Ā Examples of how tensor values are used are:

  • 1.3.1Ā Detection of grinding type and abusive grinding;
  • 1.3.2Ā Determination of tool wear in turning operations;
  • 1.3.3Ā Monitoring of carburizing and nitriding residual stress effects;
  • 1.3.4Ā Monitoring effects of surface treatments such as sand blasting, shot peening, and honing;
  • 1.3.5Ā Tracking of component life and rolling contact fatigue effects;
  • 1.3.6Ā Failure analysis;
  • 1.3.7Ā Relaxation of residual stress; and
  • 1.3.8Ā Other residual-stress-related issues that potentially affect bearings.

1.4Ā Unitsā€”The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

1.5Ā This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.6Ā This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

5.1 This test method covers a procedure for experimentally determining macroscopic residual stress tensor components of quasi-isotropic bearing steel materials by XRD. Here the stress components are represented by the tensor Ļƒij as shown in Eq 1 (1,5 p. 40). The stress strain relationship in any direction of a component is defined by Eq 2 with respect to the azimuth phi(Ļ†) and polar angle psi(Ļˆ) defined in Fig. 1 (1, p. 132).

Equation E2860-20_3

Equation E2860-20_4

5.1.1 Alternatively, Eq 2 may also be shown in the following arrangement (2, p. 126):

Equation E2860-20_5

5.2 Using XRD and Braggā€™s law, interplanar strain measurements are performed for multiple orientations. The orientations are selected based on a modified version of Eq 2, which is dictated by the mode used. Conflicting nomenclature may be found in literature with regard to mode names. For example, what may be referred to as a Ļˆ (psi) diffractometer in Europe may be called a Ļ‡ (chi) diffractometer in North America. The three modes considered here will be referred to as omega, chi, and modified-chi as described in 9.5.

5.3 Omega Mode (Iso Inclination) and Chi Mode (Side Inclination)ā€”Interplanar strain measurements are performed at multiple Ļˆ angles along one Ļ† azimuth (let Ļ† = 0Ā°) (Figs. 2 and 3), reducing Eq 2 to Eq 3. Stress normal to the surface (Ļƒ33) is assumed to be insignificant because of the shallow depth of penetration of X-rays at the free surface, reducing Eq 3 to Eq 4. Post-measurement corrections may be applied to account for possible Ļƒ33 influences (12.12). Since the Ļƒij values will remain constant for a given azimuth, the s1{hkl} term is renamed C.

FIG. 2 Omega Mode Diagram for Measurement in Ļƒ11 Direction
Omega Mode Diagram for Measurement in Ļƒ Direction Omega Mode Diagram for Measurement in Ļƒ Direction
FIG. 3 Chi Mode Diagram for Measurement in Ļƒ11 Direction
Chi Mode Diagram for Measurement in Ļƒ Direction Chi Mode Diagram for Measurement in Ļƒ Direction
Note 1: Stress matrix is rotated 90Ā° about the surface normal compared to Fig. 2 and Fig. 14.

Equation E2860-20_6

Equation E2860-20_7

5.3.1 The measured interplanar spacing values are converted to strain using Eq 24, Eq 25, or Eq 26. Eq 4 is used to fit the strain versus sin2Ļˆ data yielding the values Ļƒ11, Ļ„13, and C. The measurement can then be repeated for multiple phi angles (for example 0, 45, and 90Ā°) to determine the full stress/strain tensor. The value, Ļƒ11, will influence the overall slope of the data, while Ļ„13 is related to the direction and degree of elliptical opening. Fig. 4 shows a simulated d versus sin2Ļˆ profile for the tensor shown. Here the positive 20-MPa Ļ„13 stress results in an elliptical opening in which the positive psi range opens upward and the negative psi range opens downward. A higher Ļ„13 value will cause a larger elliptical opening. A negative 20-MPa Ļ„13 stress would result in the same elliptical opening only the direction would be reversed with the positive psi range opening downwards and the negative psi range opening upwards as shown in Fig. 5.

FIG. 4 Sample d (2Īø) Versus sin2Ļˆ Dataset with Ļƒ11ā€‰= -500 MPa and Ļ„13ā€‰= +20 MPa
Sample (2Īø) Versus sinĻˆ Dataset with Ļƒā€‰= -500 MPa and Ļ„ā€‰= +20 MPa Sample (2Īø) Versus sinĻˆ Dataset with Ļƒā€‰= -500 MPa and Ļ„ā€‰= +20 MPa
FIG. 5 Sample d (2Īø) Versus sin2Ļˆ Dataset with Ļƒ11ā€‰= -500 MPa and Ļ„13ā€‰= -20 MPa
Sample (2Īø) Versus sinĻˆ Dataset with Ļƒā€‰= -500 MPa and Ļ„ā€‰= -20 MPa Sample (2Īø) Versus sinĻˆ Dataset with Ļƒā€‰= -500 MPa and Ļ„ā€‰= -20 MPa

5.4 Modified Chi Modeā€”Interplanar strain measurements are performed at multiple Ī² angles with a fixed Ļ‡ offset, Ļ‡mā€‰(Fig. 6). Measurements at various Ī² angles do not
SDO ASTM: ASTM International
Document Number E2860
Publication Date Nov. 1, 2020
Language en - English
Page Count 19
Revision Level 20
Supercedes
Committee E28.13

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