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ASTM F1166-23

Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities<rangeref></rangeref >
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ASTM F1166-23

Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities<rangeref></rangeref >

PUBLISH DATE 2023
PAGES 236
ASTM F1166-23

1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.

1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipment on the other.

1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.

1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.

1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:

  • Scope
  • Referenced Documents
  • Terminology
  • Significance and Use
  • Controls
    • Principles of Control Design
    • General Design Guidelines
    • Control Movement
    • Control Spacing
    • Coding of Controls
    • Control Use and Design
  • Displays
    • Visual Displays
    • Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays
    • Display Illumination
    • Display Types
    • Audible Displays
  • Alarms
    • General Alarm Requirements
    • Visual Alarms
    • Audible Alarms
    • Voice Messages
    • Alarm Initiation Stations
    • Alarm Requirements by IMO
  • Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms
    • Principles of Design
    • Grouping Relationships—Principles of Arrangement
    • Separating Groupings
    • Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms
    • Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms
    • Control and Display Movement Relationships
    • Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment
    • Alternative Approach to Grouping Design
    • Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges
  • Anthropometry
    • General Design Requirements
    • Static Anthropometric Data
  • Workplace Arrangements
    • Basic Principles of Workplace Design
    • Seated Workstation
    • Standing Workstation
    • Kneeling Workstation
    • Squatting Workstation
    • Shelving
    • Status Boards and File Cabinets
    • Work Benches
    • Vertical Strainers and Filters
    • Reach Limitations at Workstations
    • Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers
    • Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays
    • Hand Cranks and Pumps
    • Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment
    • Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing
    • Consoles and Control Panels
    • Bridge Design
  • Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms
    • Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps
    • Stairs
    • Ramps
    • Vertical Ladders
    • Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages
    • Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices
    • Special Ladder Requirements
    • Handle/Hand Grab
    • Individual Rung Ladders
    • D-Ring Ladders
    • Handrails
    • Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement
    • Elevated Work Platforms
    • Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels
    • Doors and Arches
    • Permanent Means of Access (PMA)
  • Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location
    • General Design Requirements
    • Valve Criticality and Location
    • Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated
    • Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves
    • Alternative Valve Orientations
    • Valve Manifolds
  • Human-Computer Interface
    • General Design Requirements
    • System Operations
    • Computer Displays
    • Display Content
    • Display Coding
    • Dynamic Displays
    • Display Format
    • Textual Data Displays
    • Graphic Displays
    • Audio Displays
    • Data Entry
    • Interactive Control
    • Graphic Controls
    • Windows
    • Menus
    • Forms
    • Alarms
    • Language
    • Feedback
    • Prompts
    • Defaults
    • Error Management/Data Protection
    • Data Security
    • Help
    • Software
    • Data Transmission/Messaging
    • Input Devices
    • Cursors
    • Printing
  • Habitability
    • Noise
    • Indoor Climate
    • Lighting
    • Whole-body Vibration and Shock
  • Labeling
    • Design Criteria of Labels
    • Abbreviations
    • Symbols
    • Component Labels on Consoles and Panels
    • Equipment Identification Labels
    • Electrical System Labels
    • Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels
    • Pipe Marker Labels
    • Safe Working Load Identification Labels
    • Load Weight Identification Labels
    • Hazard Identification Signs
    • Information Signs
    • Instruction Labels
    • Graphical Schematics or Diagrams
    • Orientation Plans
    • Emergency Instructions
  • Material Handling
    • Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying
    • Weight Lifting
    • Weight Carrying
    • Design of Handles and Grasp Areas
    • Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices
    • Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies
    • Crane Design
  • Design for Maintenance
    • General Design Requirements
    • Maintenance Accessibility
    • Maintenance Environments
    • Lubrication
    • Cases
    • Covers
    • Fasteners

1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.

1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipment on the other.

1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.

1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.

1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • Section and Subsections - Title
  • 1 - Scope
  • 2 - Referenced Documents
  • 3 - Terminology
  • 4 - Significance and Use
  • 5 - Controls
    • 5.1 - Principles of Control Design
    • 5.2 - General Design Guidelines
    • 5.3 - Control Movement
    • 5.4 - Control Spacing
    • 5.5 - Coding of Controls
    • 5.6 - Control Use and Design
  • 6 - Displays
    • 6.1 - Visual Displays
    • 6.2 - Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays
    • 6.3 - Display Illumination
    • 6.4 - Display Types
    • 6.5 - Audible Displays
  • 7 - Alarms
    • 7.1 - General Alarm Requirements
    • 7.2 - Visual Alarms
    • 7.3 - Audible Alarms
    • 7.4 - Voice Messages
    • 7.5 - Alarm Initiation Stations
    • 7.6 - Alarm Requirements by IMO
  • 8 - Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms
    • 8.1 - Principles of Design
    • 8.2 - Grouping Relationships—Principles of Arrangement
    • 8.3 - Separating Groupings
    • 8.4 - Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms
    • 8.5 - Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms
    • 8.6 - Control and Display Movement Relationships
    • 8.7 - Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment
    • 8.8 - Alternative Approach to Grouping Design
    • 8.9 - Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges
  • 9 - Anthropometry
    • 9.1 - General Design Requirements
    • 9.2 - Static Anthropometric Data
  • 10 - Workplace Arrangements
    • 10.1 - Basic Principles of Workplace Design
    • 10.2 - Seated Workstation
    • 10.3 - Standing Workstation
    • 10.4 - Kneeling Workstation
    • 10.5 - Squatting Workstation
    • 10.6 - Shelving
    • 10.7 - Status Boards and File Cabinets
    • 10.8 - Work Benches
    • 10.9 - Vertical Strainers and Filters
    • 10.10 - Reach Limitations at Workstations
    • 10.11 - Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers
    • 10.12 - Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays
    • 10.13 - Hand Cranks and Pumps
    • 10.14 - Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment
    • 10.15 - Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing
    • 10.16 - Consoles and Control Panels
    • 10.17 - Bridge Design
  • 11 - Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms
    • 11.1 - Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps
    • 11.2 - Stairs
    • 11.3 - Ramps
    • 11.4 - Vertical Ladders
    • 11.5 - Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages
    • 11.6 - Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices
    • 11.7 - Special Ladder Requirements
    • 11.8 - Handle/Hand Grab
    • 11.9 - Individual Rung Ladders
    • 11.10 - D-Ring Ladders
    • 11.11 - Handrails
    • 11.12 - Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement
    • 11.13 - Elevated Work Platforms
    • 11.14 - Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels
    • 11.15 - Doors and Arches
    • 11.16 - Permanent Means of Access (PMA)
  • 12 - Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location
    • 12.1 - General Design Requirements
    • 12.2 - Valve Criticality and Location
    • 12.3 - Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated
    • 12.4 - Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves
    • 12.5 - Alternative Valve Orientations
    • 12.6 - Valve Manifolds
  • 13 - Human-Computer Interface
    • 13.1 - General Design Requirements
    • 13.2 - System Operations
    • 13.3 - Computer Displays
    • 13.4 - Display Content
    • 13.5 - Display Coding
    • 13.6 - Dynamic Displays
    • 13.7 - Display Format
    • 13.8 - Textual Data Displays
    • 13.9 - Graphic Displays
    • 13.10 - Audio Displays
    • 13.11 - Data Entry
    • 13.12 - Interactive Control
    • 13.13 - Graphic Controls
    • 13.14 - Windows
    • 13.15 - Menus
    • 13.16 - Forms
    • 13.17 - Alarms
    • 13.18 - Language
    • 13.19 - Feedback
    • 13.20 - Prompts
    • 13.21 - Defaults
    • 13.22 - Error Management/Data Protection
    • 13.23 - Data Security
    • 13.24 - Help
    • 13.25 - Software

4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability.

4.2 Principles of Human Behavior:

4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person’s physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel.

4.2.2 These principles include:

  • 4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original.
  • 4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner.
  • 4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users’ cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased.
  • 4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further, this “shortcut” may be perceived as being safe when it is not.
  • 4.2.2.5 No amount of training, company or organizational policy, threats of retaliatory action, warning notes in a technical manual or training guide, or pleading with personnel to be safe on the job can overcome poor design that encourages, leads, or even coerces personnel into unsafe acts on the job. The most efficient way to prevent unsafe design from contributing to an accident is to eliminate the unsafe design.
  • 4.2.2.6 Equipment users may not recognize latent hazards in a design. Therefore designers shall identify unsafe features that may not be recognized by users to minimize, or eliminate unsafe tasks, operations and acts. In addition, if hazards exist, the designer should clearly communicate known hazards inherent in processes and procedures to the users.
  • 4.2.2.7 Designers shall consider the possibility for human error and design equipment so that incorrect use (deliberate or accidental) will result in little or no harm to the user.
  • 4.2.2.8 Equipment operators and maintainers will be forced to infer as to what a label, instruction, or operational chart states if it is not complete, legible, readable, and positioned correctly.
  • 4.2.2.9 Designers and engineers shall never use themselves as the standard against which a particular design is evaluated. People come in many shapes, sizes, mental capacities, and capabilities. Therefore, design for the full range of potential users, physically, mentally, and socially.
  • 4.2.2.10 People shall be protected against themselves. Designers cannot create an unsafe piece of equipment or system and expect the users to assume full responsibility for its safe use.
  • 4.2.2.11 Ease of equipment maintenance affects the equipment’s reliability, that is, the harder it is to be maintained, the less it will be maintained.
  • 4.2.2.12 Equipment designed to require multiple operators working together simultaneously increases the likelihood of operator errors.
  • 4.2.2.13 Operational/maintenance procedures shall be clear, definitive, and comprehensive, otherwise, they will be misinterpreted or ignored.
  • 4.2.2.14 Structural items such as piping, cable trays, or any other item that appears strong enough to be used by a person to hold onto or stand on, and is placed in a convenient location to use for that purpose, will eventually be used for that purpose.
  • 4.2.2.15 Users expect consistency in the design and arrangement of their workplace. Therefore, if that workplace, or any part thereof, appears in more than one place in their work environment, it is expected to be located and look the same way at every location.
  • 4.2.2.16 When controls and displays associated with particular pieces of equipment are placed on a console or control panel, they shall be located on that console or panel to replicate the actual location of the equipment on the ship or structure as both are viewed by the operator. Therefore, equipment that is to the operator’s left as he or she faces the control station shall appear on the left of the control panel or console, and equipment to the right shall appear on the right side of the console or panel. This “spatial relationship” between the real world and the controls and displays that are associated with the equipment and systems of that world is extremely important in the design of ships and maritime structures.

4.2.3 Users develop behavioral patterns based on their cultural experiences. Designing a ship or structure that ignores or violate those culturally derived behavior patterns will inevitably increase risks of user error.

4.3 Conflicts—Where conflicts exist between the design criteria contained in this practice and other sources of ergonomic design criteria, this practice should prevail except where the conflicting criteria were produced by a regulatory authority.

4.4 Coverage—The design of vessels, structures, systems, subsystems, and equipment shall use the design criteria contained herein to provide the following:

  • 4.4.1 Safe atmospheric conditions including temperature and humidity;
  • 4.4.2 Limits on acoustic noise and vibration that will prevent performance degradation and physiological damage;
  • 4.4.3 Space for personnel, their equipment, and free volume for the movements and activities they are required to perform for operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;
  • 4.4.4 Physical, visual, auditory, and other communication links between individual personnel and between personnel and their equipment under both normal and emergency conditions;
  • 4.4.5 Efficient arrangement of operation and maintenance workplaces, equipment, structural elements, controls, and displays;
  • 4.4.6 Natural or artificial illumination at levels suitable to perform all operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;
  • 4.4.7 Safe passageways, hatches, stairs, ladders, walkways, platforms, ramps, and other provisions for ingress, egress, and passage under both normal and emergency conditions;
  • 4.4.8 Provision for protective equipment and clothing, systems, equipment, vessels, and structures that are designed to be operated and maintained by personnel wearing the equipment and clothing;
  • 4.4.9 Compatibility of control/display interfaces with human information processing capability;
  • 4.4.10 Immediate, accurate, and pertinent feedback to the operator of equipment or system performance after each control movement or action taken by the operator;
  • 4.4.11 Designs that satisfy human behavioral needs such as spatial relationships, consistency, homeostasis, and cultural and equipment expectations;
  • 4.4.12 Provision for labels, hazard signage, instructions, and procedures that are clear, concise, and understandable;
  • 4.4.13 Provision for fail-safe designs in those areas in which failure can disable a vital system or cause catastrophic damage to equipment, injury to personnel, or loss of mission capability;
  • 4.4.14 Designs that minimize potential human error incidence in the operation and maintenance of the system, particularly under conditions of stress and designs that ensure that errors, having been committed, can be corrected in time (the design is error tolerant);
  • 4.4.15 Designs that minimize training time and costs and encourage simplicity so as to reduce personnel special skills or innate abilities required to operate or maintain them;
  • 4.4.
SDO ASTM: ASTM International
Document Number F1166
Publication Date Jan. 1, 2023
Language en - English
Page Count 236
Revision Level 23
Supercedes
Committee F25.07
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